主要统计指标解释
普通高等学校 指按国家规定的设置标准和审批程序批准举办的，通过全国普通高等学校统一招生考试，招收高中毕业生为主要培养对象，实施高等学历教育的全日制大学、独立设置的学院和高等专科学校、高等职业学校及其他机构（独立学院和分校、大专班）。
大学、独立设置的学院主要实施本科层次以上教育。高等专科学校、高等职业学校实施专科层次教育。其他机构是承担国家普通招生计划任务不计校数的机构，包括独立学院、普通高等学校分校、大专班和批准筹建的普通高等学校等。
成人高等学校 指按照国家规定的设置标准和审批程序批准举办的，通过全国成人高等教育统一招生考试，招收具有高中毕业或同等学历的人员为主要培养对象，利用函授、业余、脱产等多种形式对其实施高等学历教育的学校。包括职工高等学校、农民高等学校、管理干部学院、教育学院、独立函授学院、广播电视大学、其他机构等。其他机构是承担国家成人招生计划任务不计校数的机构。
小学学龄儿童入学率 指调查范围内已入小学学习的学龄儿童占校内外学龄儿童总数(包括弱智儿童，不包括盲聋哑儿童)的比重。计算公式为：
生师比采用教育统计折算法测算
1、折合在校生数=普通本、专科（高职）生数+硕士生数*1.5+傅士生数*2+留学生数*3+进修生数+成人脱产班学生数+夜大（业余）学生数*0.3+函授生数*0.1+自学助考生+中职在校生数。
2、教师总数=专任教师数+聘请校外教师数*0.5。
3、生师比=折合在校生数/教师总数。
科技活动 是指在自然科学、农业科学、医药科学、工程与技术科学、人文与社会科学领域（简称科学技术领域）中与科技知识的产生、发展、传播和应用密切相关的有组织的活动。为核算科技投入的需要，科技活动可分为科学研究与试验发展（R&D）、科学研究与试验发展成果应用及相关的科技服务三类活动。
R&D(科学研究与试验发展，简称“研发”) 是指在科学技术领域，为增加知识总量、以及运用这些知识去创造新的应用进行系统的创造性的活动，包括基础研究、应用研究、试验发展三类活动。
基础研究 是指为了获得关于现象和可观察事实的基本原理的新知识（揭示客观事物的本质、运动规律，获得新发现、新学说）而进行的实验性或理论性研究，它不以任何专门或特定的应用或使用为目的。其成果以科学论文和科学著作为主要形式。
应用研究 是指为获得新知识而进行的创造性研究，主要针对某一特定的目的或目标。应用研究是为了确定基础研究成果可能的用途，或是为达到预定的目标探索应采取的新方法（原理性）或新途径。其成果形式以科学论文、专著、原理性模型或发明专利为主。
试验发展 是指利用从基础研究、应用研究和实际经验所获得的现有知识，为产生新的产品、材料和装置，建立新的工艺、系统和服务，以及对已产生和建立的上述各项作实质性的改进而进行的系统性工作。其成果形式主要是专利、专有技术、具有新产品基本特征的产品原型或具有新装置基本特征的原始样机等。在社会科学领域，试验发展是指把通过基础研究、应用研究获得的知识转变成可以实施的计划（包括为进行检验和评估实施示范项目）的过程。人文科学领域没有对应的试验发展活动。
R&D人员 指单位内部从事基础研究、应用研究和试验发展三类活动的人员。包括直接参加上述三类项目活动的人员以及这三类项目的管理人员和直接服务人员。为研发活动提供直接服务的人员包括直接为研发活动提供资料文献、材料供应、设备维护等服务的人员。
R&D经费内部支出 指调查单位在报告年度用于内部开展R&D活动（基础研究、应用研究和试验发展）的实际支出。包括用于R&D项目（课题）活动的直接支出，以及间接用于R&D活动的管理费、服务费、与R&D有关的基本建设支出以及外协加工费等。不包括生产性活动支出、归还贷款支出以及与外单位合作或委托外单位进行R&D活动而转拨给对方的经费支出。
专业技术人员 指从事专业技术工作和专业技术管理工作的人员，即企事业单位中已经聘任专业技术职务从事专业技术工作和专业技术管理工作的人员，以及未聘任专业技术职务，现在专业技术岗位上工作的人员。包括工程技术人员、农业技术人员、科学研究人员、卫生技术人员、教学人员、经济人员、会计人员、统计人员、翻译人员、图书资料、档案、文博人员、新闻出版人员、律师、公证人员、广播电视播音人员、工艺美术人员、体育人员、艺术人员及企业政治思想工作人员，共十七个专业技术职务类别。用来反映科技人力资源情况。
专利 是专利权的简称，是对发明人的发明创造经审查合格后，由专利局依据专利法授予发明人和设计人对该项发明创造享有的专有权。包括发明、实用新型和外观设计。反映拥有自主知识产权的科技和设计成果情况。
发明（专利） 指对产品、方法或者其改进所提出的新的技术方案。是国际通行的反映拥有自主知识产权技术的核心指标。
实用新型（专利）
指对产品的形状、构造或者其结合所提出的适于实用的新的技术方案。反映具有一定技术含量的技术成果情况。
外观设计（专利） 指对产品的形状、图案、色彩或者其结合所作出的富有美感并适于工业上应用的新设计。反映拥有自主知识产权的外观设计成果情况。
创新 指本企业推出了新的或有重大改进的产品或工艺，或采用了新的组织管理方式或营销方法。此处的“新”是指它们对本企业而言必须是新的，但对于其他企业或整个市场而言不要求一定是新的。
产品创新(工业) 指企业推出了全新的或有重大改进的产品。产品创新的“新”要体现在产品的功能或特性上，包括技术规范、材料、组件、用户友好性等方面的重大改进。
工艺创新(工业)
指企业采用了全新的或有重大改进的生产方法、工艺设备或辅助性活动。工艺创新的“新”要体现在技术、设备或流程上；它对本企业而言必须是新的，但对于其他企业或整个市场而言不一定是新的。
产品创新（建筑业） 指企业向市场推出或向客户交付了全新的或有重大改进的产品。产品创新的“新”要体现在产品的功能或特性上，包括技术规范、材料、组件、用户友好性等方面的重大改进。
工艺创新（建筑业） 指企业采用了全新的或有重大改进的施工工艺、生产工艺或辅助性活动。工艺创新的“新”要体现在技术、设备或流程上；它对本企业而言必须是新的，但对于其他企业或整个市场而言不一定是新的。
产品（服务）创新（服务业）
指企业向市场推出了全新的或有重大改进的服务或产品。产品（服务）创新的“新”要体现在服务或产品的功能或特性上，包括在技术规范、材料、组件、用户友好性等方面的重大改进。
工艺（流程）创新（服务业） 指企业在推出服务或其他产品的过程以及辅助性活动中采用了全新的或有重大改进的技术、设备或软件等。工艺（流程）创新的主要目的是提高服务质量或降低单位成本；它对本企业而言必须是新的，但对于其他企业或整个市场而言不一定是新的。
组织（管理）创新 指企业采取了此前从未使用过的全新的组织管理方式，主要涉及企业的经营模式、组织结构或外部关系等方面。
营销创新指企业采用了此前从未使用过的全新的营销概念或营销策略，主要涉及产品设计或包装、产品推广、产品销售渠道、产品定价等方面。
Explanatory
Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Regular Institutions of Higher Education
refer to educational establishments set up according to the government
evaluation and approval procedures, recruiting graduates from senior secondary
schools as the main target by National
Matriculation
TEST. They
include full-time universities, colleges, institutions of higher professional
education, institutions of higher vocational education, institutions of higher
vocational education and others (non-university tertiary, branch schools and
undergraduate classes).
Universities
and colleges primarily provide undergraduate courses; institutions of higher
professional education and institutions of higher vocational education primarily provide professional
trainings; and others refer to educational establishments, which are
responsible for enrolling higher education students under the State Plan but
not enumerated in the total number of schools, including: branch schools of
universities and colleges, and universities and colleges that have been
approved and under plan for construction. Non-university tertiary refers to the
regular undergraduate branch college which is running in new mechanism and
mode, excluding the branch schools and other similar branches of educational
institutions.
Institutions
of Higher Education for Adults refer
to educational establishments, set up in line with relevant rules approved by
the government, enrolling staff and workers with senior secondary school or
equivalent education, and providing higher education courses in many forms of
correspondence, spare time, or full time for adults. Professionals thus trained
receive a qualification equivalent to graduates studying regular courses at
regular universities, colleges and professional colleges. Institutions of
higher learning for adults include schools of higher education for staff and
workers, schools of higher education for peasants, colleges for management
cadres, pedagogical colleges, independent correspondence colleges, Radio and TV
universities and other educational establishments. Other educational
establishments have undertakings to enrol adult students but not enumerated in
the schools under the State Plan.
Net Enrolment Ratio of
Primary Schools refers to the
proportion of school age children enrolled at schools to the total number of
school age children both in and outside schools (including retarded children,
but excluding blind, deaf and mute children). The formula is:
The teacher-student ratio is calculated by education
statistical conversion method.
Number
of Reduced total enrollment =number of
ordinary undergraduate, college(Higher Vocational) students + number of
Masters*1.5, number of doctors*2 +number of foreign students*3+number of
preppies+ number of advanced students+ number of adult students+ number of
evening university and mater students*0.3+number of correspondence
students*0.1+number of self-study students+ number of secondary vocational
school students.
Total
number of teachers= number of Full-time
teachers+ half of outside school teachers hired.
Student-teacher
ratio is number of reduced total enrollment divide by total
number of teachers.
Scientific
and Technological Activities (S&T Activities) refer to organized
activities which are closely related with the creation, development,
dissemination and application of the scientific and technical knowledge in the
fields of natural sciences, agricultural science, medical science, engineering
and technological science, humanities and social sciences (referred to as
scientific and technological fields). S&T activities can be classified into
3 categories: research and development (R&D) activities, application of
R&D results, and related S&T services. This statistical definition is
made by UNICHIEF for scientific and technological activities to meet the need
of carrying out statistical work in this field for its member countries
particularly the developing countries.
Research
and Development (R&D) refers to systematic and
creative activities in the field of science and technology aiming at increasing
the knowledge and using the knowledge for new application. R&D includes 3
categories of activities: basic research, applied research and experimentation
for development. The scale and intensity of R&D are widely used
internationally to reflect the strength of S&T and the core competitiveness
of a country in the world.
Basic
Research refers to empirical or
theoretical research aiming at obtaining new knowledge on the fundamental
principles regarding phenomena or observable facts to reveal the intrinsic nature
and underlying laws and to acquire new discoveries or new theories. Basic
research takes no specific or designated application as the aim of the
research. Results of basic research are mainly released or disseminated in the
form of scientific papers or monographs. This indicator reflects the innovation
capacity for original knowledge.
Applied
Research refers to creative research
aiming at obtaining new knowledge on a specific objective or target. Purpose of
the applied research is to identify the possible uses of results from basic
research, or to explore new (fundamental) methods or new approaches. Results of
applied research are expressed in the form of scientific papers, monographs,
fundamental models or invention patents. This indicator reflects the
exploration of ways to apply the results of basic research.
Experiments
and Development refer to systematic
activities aiming at using the knowledge from basic and applied researches or from
practical experience to develop new products, materials and equipment, to
establish new production process, systems and services, or to make substantial
improvement on the existing products, process or services. Results of
experiment and development activities are embodied in patents, exclusive
technology, and monotype of new products or equipment. In social sciences,
experiment and development activities refer to the process of converting the
knowledge from basic or applied researches into feasible programs (including
conduct of demonstration projects for assessment and evaluation). There are no
experiment and development activities in the science of humanities. This
indicator reflects the capability of transferring the results of S&T into
technique and products, and measures the realization of S&T in spearheading
the economic and social development.
R&D
Personnel refer to persons
engaged in research, management and supporting activities of R & D,
including persons in the project teams, persons engaged in the management of
S&T activities of enterprises and supporting staff providing direct service
to the research projects. This indicator reflects the size of personnel engaged
in R&D activities with independent intellectual property.
Funding
for S&T Activities refers to funds obtained from
various sources for S&T activities, including government funds, self-raised
funds by enterprises, self-raised funds by institutions, loans from financial
institutions, foreign funds and other funds. This indicator reflects the
efforts made by various social economic entities in promoting the development
of S&T.
Professional
and Technical Personnel refer to persons engaged in
professional and technical work or in the management of professional and
technical activities, i.e., people with professional or technical positions who
are engaged in professional and technical work or in the management of
professional and technical activities, and people without professional or
technical positions but are working on professional or technical posts. They
include professionals and technicians working in 17 categories of technical
occupations including engineering, agriculture, scientific researches, medical
service, teaching, economic research and application, accounting, statistics,
translation, libraries, archives, cultural and museum service, journalism and
publication, lawyers, notarization service, radio and television broadcasting,
handicraft and fine arts, sports, performing art, and political workers in
enterprises. This indicator reflects the condition of human resources in
S&T.
Patent is an abbreviation for the patent
right and refers to the exclusive right of ownership by the inventors or
designers for the creation or inventions, given from the patent offices after
due process of assessment and approval in accordance with the Patent Law.
Patents are granted for inventions, utility models and designs. This indicator
reflects the achievements of S&T and design with independent intellectual
property.
Patented
Inventions refer to new technical
proposals to the products or methods or their modifications. This is universal
core indicator reflecting the technologies with independent intellectual
property.
Patented
Utility Models refer to the practical and new
technical proposals on the shape and structure of the product or the
combination of both. This indicator reflects the condition of technological
results with certain technical content.
Designs refer to the aesthetics and
industrially applicable new designs for the shape, pattern and colour of the
product, or their combinations. This indicator reflects the appearance design
achievements with independent intellectual property.
Innovation refers to the introduction of new or significantly
improved products or processes, or the adoption of new organizational
management methods or marketing methods by enterprises. The “new” here must be
new to the enterprise, but it is not necessarily new to other enterprises or
the whole market.
Product innovation (industry) refers to the introduction of new
or significantly improved products. The innovation should be reflected by the
functions or features of the products, including improvement on technical
specifications, materials, parts, user-friendliness etc.
Process innovation (industry) refers to the adoption of new or
significantly improved production methods, process equipments or supporting
activities by enterprises. The innovation should be reflected by technology,
equipment or process. It must be new to the enterprise, but it is not
necessarily new to other enterprises or the whole market.
Product innovation (construction)
refers to the introduction to the market or delivered of new or
significantly improved products by enterprises. The innovation should be
reflected by the functions or features of the products, including improvement
on technical specifications, materials, parts, user-friendliness etc.
Process innovation (construction)
refers to the adoption of new or significantly improved construction
technology, production process or supporting activities by enterprises. The
innovation should be reflected by technology, equipment or process. It must be
new to the enterprise, but it is not necessarily new to other enterprises or
the whole market.
Product (service) innovation
(service) refers to the introduction of new or significantly
improved services or products. The innovation should be reflected by the
functions or features of the services or products, including improvement on
technical specifications, materials, parts, user-friendliness etc.
Process (procedure) innovation
(service) refers to the adoption of new or significantly
improved technology, equipment, or software in the process of launching
services or other products and auxiliary activities by enterprises. The main
purpose of the innovation is to improve service quality or reduce unit cost. It
must be new to the enterprise, but it is not necessarily new to other
enterprises or the whole market.
Organization (management)
innovation refers to the adoption of new organization management
mode which has never been used before by enterprises, mainly involving the
business mode, organizational structure or external relationship of the
enterprise.
Marketing innovation refers to the adoption of new
marketing concept or marketing strategy which has never been used before by
enterprises, mainly involving product design or packaging, product promotion,
product sales channel, product pricing etc.