主要统计指标解释
生产总值(GDP) 指按市场价格计算的一个国家(或地区)所有常住单位在一定时期内生产活动的最终成果。生产总值有三种表现形态，即价值形态、收入形态和产品形态。从价值形态看，它是所有常住单位在一定时期内生产的全部货物和服务价值超过同期投入的全部非固定资产货物和服务价值的差额，即所有常住单位的增加值之和；从收入形态看，它是所有常住单位在一定时期内创造并分配给常住单位和非常住单位的初次收入之和；从产品形态看，它是所有常住单位在一定时期内最终使用的货物和服务价值减去货物和服务进口价值。在实际核算中，生产总值有三种计算方法，即生产法、收入法和支出法。三种方法分别从不同的方面反映生产总值及其构成。
三次产业 三产业的划分是世界上较为常用的产业结构分类，但各国的划分不尽一致。我国的三次产业划分是：
第一产业是指农业、林业、畜牧业、渔业和农林牧渔服务业。
第二产业是指采矿业，制造业，电力、煤气及水的生产和供应业，建筑业。
第三产业是指除第一、二产业以外的其他行业。
劳动者报酬 指劳动者因从事生产活动所获得的全部报酬。包括劳动者获得的各种形式的工资、奖金和津贴，既包括货币形式的，也包括实物形式的，还包括劳动者所享受的公费医疗和医药卫生费、上下班交通补贴、单位支付的社会保险费、住房公积金等。对于个体经济来说，其所有者所获得的劳动报酬和经营利润不易区分，这两部分统一作为劳动者报酬处理。
生产税净额 指生产税减生产补贴后的余额。生产税指政府对生产单位从事生产、销售和经营活动以及因从事生产活动使用某些生产要素(如固定资产、土地、劳动力)所征收的各种税、附加费和规费。生产补贴与生产税相反，指政府对生产单位的单方面转移支出，因此视为负生产税，包括政策亏损补贴、价格补贴等。
固定资产折旧 指一定时期内为弥补固定资产损耗按照规定的固定资产折旧率提取的固定资产折旧，或按国民经济核算统一规定的折旧率虚拟计算的固定资产折旧。它反映了固定资产在当期生产中的转移价值。各类企业和企业化管理的事业单位的固定资产折旧是指实际计提的折旧费；不计提折旧的政府机关、非企业化管理的事业单位和居民住房的固定资产折旧是按照统一规定的折旧率和固定资产原值计算的虚拟折旧。原则上，固定资产折旧应按固定资产当期的重置价值计算，但是目前我国尚不具备对全社会固定资产进行重估价的基础，所以暂时只能采用上述办法。
营业盈余 指常住单位创造的增加值扣除劳动者报酬、生产税净额和固定资产折旧后的余额。它相当于企业的营业利润加上生产补贴，但要扣除从利润中开支的工资和福利等。
支出法生产总值 是从最终使用的角度反映一个国家(或地区)一定时期内生产活动最终成果的一种方法，包括最终消费支出、资本形成总额及货物和服务净出口三部分。计算公式为：
支出法生产总值=最终消费支出+资本形成总额+货物和服务净出口
最终消费支出 指常住单位为满足物质、文化和精神生活的需要，从本国经济领土和国外购买的货物和服务的支出。它不包括非常住单位在本国经济领土内的消费支出。最终消费支出分为居民消费支出和政府消费支出。
居民消费支出 指常住住户在一定时期内对于货物和服务的全部最终消费支出。居民消费支出除了直接以货币形式购买的货物和服务的消费支出外，还包括以其他方式获得的货物和服务的消费支出，即所谓的虚拟消费支出。居民虚拟消费支出包括如下几种类型：单位以实物报酬及实物转移的形式提供给劳动者的货物和服务；住户生产并由本住户消费了的货物和服务，其中的服务仅指住户的自有住房服务；金融机构提供的金融媒介服务；保险公司提供的保险服务。
政府消费支出 指政府部门为全社会提供的公共服务的消费支出和免费或以较低的价格向居民住户提供的货物和服务的净支出，前者等于政府服务的产出价值减去政府单位所获得的经营收入的价值，后者等于政府部门免费或以较低价格向居民住户提供的货物和服务的市场价值减去向住户收取的价值。
资本形成总额 指常住单位在一定时期内获得减去处置的固定资产和存货的净额，包括固定资本形成总额和存货增加两部分。
固定资本形成总额 指常住单位在一定时期内获得的固定资产减处置的固定资产的价值总额。固定资产是通过生产活动生产出来的，且其使用年限在一年以上、单位价值在规定标准以上的资产，不包括自然资产。可分为有形固定资本形成总额和无形固定资本形成总额。有形固定资本形成总额包括一定时期内完成的建筑工程、安装工程和设备工器具购置(减处置)价值，以及土地改良、新增役、种、奶、毛、娱乐用牲畜和新增经济林木价值。无形固定资本形成总额包括矿藏的勘探、计算机软件等获得减处置。
存货增加
指常住单位在一定时期内存货实物量变动的市场价值，即期末价值减期初价值的差额，再扣除当期由于价格变动而产生的持有收益。存货增加可以是正值，也可以是负值，正值表示存货上升，负值表示存货下降。存货包括生产单位购进的原材料、燃料和储备物资等存货，以及生产单位生产的产成品、在制品和半成品等存货。
货物和服务净出口
指货物和服务出口减货物和服务进口的差额。出口包括常住单位向非常住单位出售或无偿转让的各种货物和服务的价值；进口包括常住单位从非常住单位购买或无偿得到的各种货物和服务的价值。由于服务活动的提供与使用同时发生，一般把常住单位从非常住单位得到的服务作为进口，非常住单位从常住单位得到的服务作为出口。货物的出口和进口都按离岸价格计算。
总产出 指常住单位在一定时期内生产的所有货物和服务的价值。既包括新增价值也包括转移价值。它反映常住单位生产活动的总规模。
机构单位 指有权拥有资产和承担负债，能够独立地从事经济活动并与其他实体进行交易的经济实体。
机构部门
将相同性质的机构单位归并在一起，就形成机构部门。资金流量核算将常住机构单位划分为以下四个机构部门：非金融企业部门、金融机构部门、政府部门、住户部门。与常住单位发生经济往来关系的非常住单位组成国外部门，在资金流量核算中也视同机构部门。
非金融企业与非金融企业部门 非金融企业指主要从事市场货物生产和提供非金融市场服务的常住企业，它主要包括从事上述活动的各类法人企业。所有非金融企业归并在一起，就形成非金融企业部门。
金融机构与金融机构部门 金融机构指主要从事金融媒介以及与金融媒介密切相关的辅助金融活动的常住单位，它主要包括中央银行、商业银行和政策性银行、非银行信贷机构和保险公司。所有金融机构归并在一起，就形成金融机构部门。
政府单位与政府部门
政府单位指在我国境内通过政治程序建立的、在一特定区域内对其他机构单位拥有立法、司法和行政权的法律实体及其附属单位。政府单位的主要职能是利用征税和其他方式获得的资金向社会和公众提供公共服务。通过转移支付，对社会收入和财产进行再分配。它主要包括各种行政单位和非营利性事业单位。所有政府单位归并在一起，就形成政府部门。
住户与住户部门 住户指共享同一生活设施、部分或全部收入和财产集中使用、共同消费住房、食品和其他消费品与消费服务的常住个人或个人群体。所有住户。
初次分配总收入 初次分配是生产活动形成的净成果在参与生产活动的生产要素的所有者及政府之间的分配。生产活动的净成果是增加值。生产要素包括劳动力、土地、资本。劳动力所有者因提供劳动而获得劳动报酬；土地所有者因出租土地而获得地租；资本的所有者因资本的形态不同而获得不同形式的收入：借贷资本所有者获得利息收入；股权所有者获得红利或未分配利润；政府因直接或间接介入生产过程而获得生产税或支付补贴。初次分配的结果形成各个机构部门的初次分配总收入。各部门的初次分配总收入之和就等于国民总收入，亦即国民生产总值。
经常转移 转移是一个机构单位向另一个机构单位提供货物、服务或资产，而同时并没有从后一机构单位获得任何货物、服务或资产作为回报的一种交易。经常转移包括扣除资本转移外的所有转移。其形式有收入税、社会保险付款、社会补助和其他经常转移。
可支配总收入
在初次分配总收入的基础上，通过经常转移的形式对初次分配总收入进行再次分配。再分配的结果形成各个机构部门的可支配总收入。各部门的可支配总收入之和称为国民可支配总收入。
总储蓄 指可支配总收入用于最终消费后的余额。各部门的总储蓄之和称为国民总储蓄。
资本转移 指一个部门无偿地向另一个部门支付用于非金融投资的资金，是一种不从对方获取任何对应物作为回报的交易。资本转移具有不同于经常转移的两个特征，一是转移的目的是用于投资，而不是用于消费；二是资本转移其实物形式往往涉及除存货和现金以外资产所有权的转移；其现金形式往往涉及除存货以外的资产的处置。资本转移包括投资性补助和其他资本转移。
Explanatory Notes on Main
Statistical Indicators
Gross
Domestic Product (GDP)
refers to the final products at market prices produced by all resident
units in a country (or a region) during a certain period of time. Gross domestic
product is expressed in three different perspectives, namely value, income, and
products respectively. GDP in its value perspective refers to the total value
of all goods and services produced by all resident units during a certain
period of time, minus the total value of input of goods and services of the
nature of non-fixed assets; in other words, it is the sum of the value-added of
all resident units. GDP from the perspective of income includes the primary
income created by all resident units and distributed to resident and
non-resident units. GDP from the perspective of products refers to the value of
all goods and services for final demand by all resident units minus the imports
of goods and services during a given period of time. In the practice of
national accounting, gross domestic product is calculated from three
approaches, namely production approach, income approach and expenditure
approach, which reflect gross domestic product and its composition from
different angles.
Three Strata of Industry
Classification of economic activities into three strata of industry is a
common practice in the world, although the grouping varies to some extent from
country to country. In
Primary industry
refers to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery and services in
support of these industries.
Secondary industry
refers to mining and quarrying, manufacturing, production and supply of
electricity, water and gas, and construction.
Tertiary industry
refers to all other economic activities not included in the primary or
secondary industries.
Compensation of
Employees refers to the total payment of various
forms to employees for the productive activities they are engaged in. It
includes wages, bonuses and allowances, which the employees earn in cash or in
kind. It also includes the free medical services provided to the employees and
the medicine expenses, transport subsidies and social insurance, and housing
fund paid by the employers. As regards the individual economy, since
compensation of employees is not easily distinguishable from the operating
surplus, both parts are treated as compensation of employees.
Net Taxes on
Production
refers to taxes on production less subsidies on production. The taxes on
production refers to the various taxes, extra charges and fees levied on the
production units on their production, sale and business activities as well as
on the use of some factors of production, such as fixed assets, land and
labour in the production activities
they are engaged in. In contrast to taxes on production, subsidies on
production refer to the unilateral government transfer to the production units
and are therefore regarded as negative taxes on production. They include
subsidies on the loss due to implementation of government policies, price
subsidies, etc.
Depreciation of
Fixed Assets refers to the depreciation of fixed
assets in a given period, drawn in accordance with the stipulated depreciation
rate for the purpose of compensating the wear-and-tear loss of the fixed assets
or the depreciation of fixed assets imputed in accordance with the stipulated
unified depreciation rate in the national economic accounting system. It
reflects the value of transfer of the fixed assets in the production of the
current period. The depreciation of
fixed assets in various enterprises and institutions managed as enterprises
refers to the depreciation expenses actually drawn. In government agencies and
institutions not managed as enterprises which do not draw the depreciation
expenses, as well as for the houses of residents, the depreciation of fixed
assets is the imputed depreciation, which is calculated in accordance with the
stipulated unified depreciation rate. In principle, the depreciation of fixed
assets should be calculated on the basis of the re-purchased value of the fixed
assets. However, currently the conditions in
Operating Surplus refers to
the balance of the value added created by the resident units after deducting
the labourers remuneration, net taxes on production and the depreciation of fixed
assets. It is equivalent to the business profit of the enterprises plus
subsidies to production, but the wages and welfare expenses paid from the
profits should be deducted.
GDP by Expenditure
Approach
refers to the method of measuring the final results of production
activities of a country (region) during a given period from the perspective of
final uses. It includes final consumption expenditure, gross capital formation
and net export of goods and services. The formula for computation is.:
GDP by expenditure approach = final
consumption expenditure + gross capital formation + net export of goods and
services
Final Consumption Expenditure refers to the total expenditure of
resident units for purchases of goods and services from both the domestic economic
territory and abroad to meet the needs of material, cultural and spiritual
life. It does not include the expenditure of non-resident units on consumption
in the economic territory of the country. The final consumption expenditure is
broken down into household consumption expenditure and government consumption
expenditure.
Household
Consumption Expenditure refers to the total expenditure of
resident households on the final consumption of goods and services. In addition
to the consumption of goods and services bought by the households directly with
money, the household consumption expenditure also includes expenditure on goods
and services obtained by the households in other ways, i.e. the so-called
imputed consumption expenditure, which includes the following: (a) the goods
and services provided to households by employers in the form of payment in kind
and transfer in kind; (b) goods and services produced and consumed by the
households themselves, in which the services refer only to the owner-occupied housing;
(c) financial intermediate services provided by financial institutions; (d)
insurance services provided by insurance companies.
Government
Consumption Expenditure refers to the consumption expenditure
spent for the provision of public
services provided by the government to the whole country and the net
expenditure on the goods and services provided by the government to households
free of charge or at reduced prices. The former equals to the output value of
the government services minus the value of operating income obtained by the
government departments. The latter equals to the market value of the goods and
services provided by the government free of charge or at reduced prices to the
households minus the value received by the government from the households.
Gross Capital
Formation
refers to the fixed assets acquired less disposals and the net value of
inventory, thus including gross fixed capital formation and changes in
inventories.
Gross Fixed Capital Formation refers to the value of acquisitions less
those disposals of fixed assets during a given period. Fixed assets are the
assets produced through production activities with unit value above a specified
amount and which could be used for over one year. Natural assets are not
included.Gross fixed capital formation can be categorized into total tangible
fixed capital formation and total intangible fixed capital formation. Total
tangible fixed capital formation includes the value of the construction
projects and installation projects completed and the equipment, apparatus and
instruments purchased (less those disposed) as well as the value of land
improved, the value of draught animals, breeding stock and animals for milk,
for wool and for recreational purposes and the newly increased forest with economic
value. Total intangible fixed capital formation includes the prospecting of
minerals and the acquisition of computer software minus the disposal of them.
Changes in Inventories refers to the market value of the change
in the physical volume of inventory of resident units during a given period,
i.e. the difference between the values at the beginning and at the end of the
period minus the gains due to the change in prices. The changes in inventories
can have a positive or a negative value. A positive value indicates an increase
in inventory while a negative value indicates a decrease in inventory. The
inventory includes raw materials, fuels and reserve materials purchased by the
production units as well as the inventory of finished products, semi-finished
products and work-in-progress.
Net Export of Goods
and Services refers to the exports of goods and
services subtracting the imports of goods and services. Exports include the value of various
goods and services sold or gratuitously transferred by resident units to
non-resident units. Imports include the value of various goods and services
purchased or gratuitously acquired resident units from non-resident units.
Because the provision of services and the use of them happen simultaneously,
the acquisition of services by resident units from abroad is usually treated as
import while the acquisition of services by non-resident units in this country
is usually treated as export. The exports and imports of goods are calculated
at FOB.
Institutional Units refer to
economic entities that are in a position to own assets and incur liabilities;
to engage independently in economic activities; and to conduct transactions
with other entities.
Institutional
Sectors
refer to groups of institutional units that are homogenous in nature and
have been grouped together. The following 4 institutional sectors are
identified in the flow of funds accounts: non-financial corporations, financial
institutions, general government and households. Also treated as an
institutional sector is the rest of the world, which is composed of
non-resident units that have economic relations with resident units.
Non-Financial
Corporations and the Sector of Non-Financial Corporations Non-financial corporations refer to
resident corporations that are engaged in the production of goods and the
provision of non financial services in the market, mainly covering corporate
enterprises of various types engaged in the above-mentioned activities. All
non-financial corporations make up the sector of non-financial corporations.
Financial
Institutions and the Sector of Financial Institutions Financial
institutions refer to resident institutions that are engaged in the financial
intermediary services or auxiliary financial activities that are closely
related with financial intermediary services, mainly covering the Central Bank,
commercial banks, policy banks, non-banking credit institutions and insurance
companies. All financial institutions together make up the sector of financial
institutions.
General Government
and the Sector of General Governments General government
refer to legal entities and their auxiliary units within the
Households and the
Sector of Households Households refer to resident individuals
or groups of resident individuals who share common living facilities, pool
together entire or part of their income and properties for their common
disposal, and share their housing, food and other consumer goods and services.
All households together make up the sector of households.
Total Income from
Primary Distribution Primary distribution refers to the
distribution of net results from production activities among the owners of
factors of production and the governments.The net results from production
activities is the value-added. Factors of production include labour force, land
and capital. Owners of labour force gain remuneration by providing labour.
Owners of land receive rents from leasing of land. Owners of capitals get
income of various forms depending on the type of capital: owners of loan
capital receive income from interests. Share holders receive dividends or
non-distributed profits. Government either obtains production tax or pays
subsidies in participating directly or indirectly in the production processes.
Results of primary distribution generate the total income from primary
distribution of each sector, and the sum of the total income of primary
distribution of all sectors make up the Gross National Income, or the Gross
National Product.
Current Transfers Transfer
refers to the transaction in the form of provision of goods, services or assets
by an institutional unit to another institutional unit without receiving any
goods, services or assets in return from the recipient. Current transfers refer
to all kinds of transfers other than capital transfers. They include income
tax, payment to social securities, social allowances and other current
transfers.
Total Disposable
Income
Total income from primary distribution is re-distributed through current
transfer, resulting in the total disposable income of various institutional
sectors. The sum of total disposable income of all institutional sectors makes
up the total national disposable income.
Total Savings refer to total disposable income
subtracting final consumption. Total savings of all sectors make up the total
national savings.
Capital Transfer refers to
the free payment from one sector to another sector of non-financial investment
capital, and is a transaction that seeks no return from the recipient. Capital
transfer differs from current transfer in 2 aspects: 1) The purpose of the
capital transfer is investment rather than consumption. 2) Capital transfer
features the transfer of the ownership of assets other than inventory and cash,
and capital transfer in its monetary form involves the disposal of assets other
than inventory. Capital transfer includes investment subsidies and other
capital transfers.