主要统计指标解释
科技活动 指在自然科学、农业科学、医药科学、工程与技术科学、人文与社会科学领域(简称科学技术领域)中，与科技知识的产生、发展、传播和应用密切相关的有组织的活动。可分为研究与试验发展(R&D)、研究与试验发展成果应用及相关的科技服务三类活动。该定义是联合国教科文组织考虑成员国特别是发展中国家开展科技统计工作的需要，而对科技活动所作的统计界定。
科技活动人员 指直接从事科技活动、以及专门从事科技活动管理和为科技活动提供直接服务，累计的实际工作时间占全年制度工作时间10%及以上的人员。(1)直接从事科技活动的人员包括：在独立核算的科学研究与技术开发机构、高等学校、各类企业及其他事业单位内设的研究室、实验室、技术开发中心及中试车间(基地)等机构中从事科技活动的研究人员、工程技术人员、技术工人及其它人员；虽不在上述机构工作，但编入科技活动项目(课题)组的人员；科技信息与文献机构中的专业技术人员；从事论文设计的研究生等。(2)专门从事科技活动管理和为科技活动提供直接服务的人员，包括：独立核算的科学研究与技术开发机构、科技信息与文献机构、高等学校、各类企业及其他事业单位主管科技工作的负责人，专门从事科技活动的计划、行政、人事、财务、物资供应、设备维护、图书资料管理等工作的各类人员，但不包括保卫、医疗保健人员、司机、食堂人员、茶炉工、水暖工、清洁工等为科技活动提供间接服务的人员。该指标用来反映投入科技活动人力的规模。
科学家与工程师 指科技活动人员中具有高、中级技术职称(职务)的人员和不具有高、中级技术职称(职务)的大学本科及以上学历人员。该指标用来反映投入科技活动人力的素质。
研究与试验发展(R&D) 指在科学技术领域，为增加知识总量，以及运用这些知识去创造新的应用进行的系统的创造性的活动，包括基础研究、应用研究、试验发展三类活动。国际上通常采用R&D活动的规模和强度指标反映一国的科技实力和核心竞争力。
基础研究 指为了获得关于现象和可观察事实的基本原理的新知识(揭示客观事物的本质、运动规律，获得新发现、新学说)而进行的实验性或理论性研究，它不以任何专门或特定的应用或使用为目的。其成果以科学论文和科学著作为主要形式。用来反映知识的原始创新能力。
应用研究 指为获得新知识而进行的创造性研究，主要针对某一特定的目的或目标。应用研究是为了确定基础研究成果可能的用途，或是为达到预定的目标探索应采取的新方法(原理性)或新途径。其成果形式以科学论文、专著、原理性模型或发明专利为主。用来反映对基础研究成果应用途径的探索。
试验发展 指利用从基础研究、应用研究和实际经验所获得的现有知识，为产生新的产品、材料和装置，建立新的工艺、系统和服务，以及对已产生和建立的上述各项作实质性的改进而进行的系统性工作。其成果形式主要是专利、专有技术、具有新产品基本特征的产品原型或具有新装置基本特征的原始样机等。在社会科学领域，试验发展是指把通过基础研究、应用研究获得的知识转变成可以实施的计划(包括为进行检验和评估实施示范项目)的过程。人文科学领域没有对应的试验发展活动。主要反映将科研成果转化为技术和产品的能力，是科技推动经济社会发展的物化成果。
研究与试验发展人员 指参与研究与试验发展项目研究、管理和辅助工作的人员， 包括项目(课题)组人员，企业科技行政管理人员和直接为项目(课题)活动提供服务的辅助人员。反映投入从事拥有自主知识产权的研究开发活动的人力规模。
研究与试验发展人员全时当量 指全时人员数加非全时人员按工作量折算为全时人员数的总和。例如：有两个全时人员和三个非全时人员(工作时间分别为20%、30%和70%)，则全时当量为2+0.2+0.3+0.7=3.2人年。为国际上比较科技人力投入而制定的可比指标。
专业技术人员 指从事专业技术工作和专业技术管理工作的人员，即企事业单位中已经聘任专业技术职务从事专业技术工作和专业技术管理工作的人员，以及未聘任专业技术职务，现在专业技术岗位上工作的人员。包括工程技术人员，农业技术人员，科学研究人员，卫生技术人员，教学人员，经济人员，会计人员，统计人员，翻译人员，图书资料、档案、文博人员，新闻出版人员，律师、公证人员，广播电视播音人员，工艺美术人员，体育人员，艺术人员及企业政治思想工作人员，共十七个专业技术职务类别。用来反映科技人力资源情况。
科技活动经费筹集 指从各种渠道筹集到的计划用于科技活动的经费，包括政府资金、企业资金、事业单位资金、金融机构贷款、国外资金和其他资金等。反映各社会经济主体对促进科技进步所做的努力。
政府资金 指从各级政府部门获得的计划用于科技活动的经费，包括科学事业费、科技三项费、科研基建费、科学基金、教育等部门事业费中计划用于科技活动的经费以及政府部门预算外资金中计划用于科技活动的经费等。
企业资金 指从自有资金中提取或接受其他企业委托的，科研院所和高校等事业单位接受企业委托获得的，计划用于科研和技术开发的经费。不包括来自政府、金融机构及国外的计划用于科技活动的资金。
金融机构贷款 指从各类金融机构获得的用于科技活动的贷款。
科技活动经费内部支出 指报告年内用于科技活动的实际支出，包括劳务费、科研业务费、科研管理费，非基建投资购建的固定资产、科研基建支出以及其他用于科技活动的支出。不包括生产性活动支出、归还贷款支出及转拨外单位支出。反映科技投入实际完成情况。
劳务费 指以货币或实物形式直接或间接支付给从事科技活动人员的劳动报酬及各种费用。包括各种形式的工资、津贴、奖金、福利、离退休人员费用、人民助学金等。反映改善科技人员待遇情况。
固定资产购建费 指报告年内使用非基建投资购建的固定资产和用于科研基建投资的实际支出额，即固定资产实际支出和科研基建投资实际完成额之和。固定资产是指长期使用而不改变原有实物形态的主要物资设备、图书资料、实验材料和标本以及其他设备和家具、房屋、建筑物。反映用于改善科研条件和科研手段方面的投入情况。
新产品 指采用新技术原理、新设计构思研制、生产的全新产品，或在结构、材质、工艺等某一方面比原有产品有明显改进，从而显著提高了产品性能或扩大了使用功能的产品。既包括政府有关部门认定并在有效期内的新产品，也包括企业自行研制开发，未经政府有关部门认定，从投产之日起一年之内的新产品。用来反映科技产出及对经济增长的直接贡献。
专利 是专利权的简称，是对发明人的发明创造经审查合格后，由专利局依据专利法授予发明人和设计人对该项发明创造享有的专有权。包括发明、实用新型和外观设计。反映拥有自主知识产权的科技和设计成果情况。
发明（专利） 指对产品、方法或者其改进所提出的新的技术方案。是国际通行的反映拥有自主知识产权技术的核心指标。
实用新型（专利） 指对产品的形状、构造或者其结合所提出的适于实用的新的技术方案。反映具有一定技术含量的技术成果情况。
外观设计（专利） 指对产品的形状、图案、色彩或者其结合所作出的富有美感并适于工业上应用的新设计。反映拥有自主知识产权的外观设计成果情况。
Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Scientific and
Technological Activities (S&T Activities) refer to organized
activities which are closely related with the creation, development,
dissemination and application of the scientific and technical knowledge in the
fields of natural sciences, agricultural science, medical science, engineering
and technological science, humanities and social sciences (referred to as
scientific and technological fields). S&T activities can be classified into
3 categories: research and development (R&D) activities, application of
R&D results, and related S&T services. This statistical definition is
made by UNICHIEF for scientific and technological activities to meet the need
of carrying out statistical work in this field for its member countries
particularly the developing countries.
Personnel Engaged in
S&T Activities refer to personnel directly engaged in S&T
activities, in the management of S&T activities, and in providing direct
service to S&T activities, with over 10% of the total working hours in a
year spent on S&T activities. (1) Personnel directly engaged in S&T activities
include researchers, engineers, technicians and other related personnel engaged
in S&T activities in independent-accounting R&D institutions,
institutions of higher learning, and in research institutes, laboratories,
technology development centres and central experiment workshops under
enterprises and institutions. Also included are people working in S&T
research project teams, professional and technical personnel working in S&T
information archiving institutes, and graduate students working on the design
of their thesis. (2) Personnel engaged in the management of S&T activities
and in providing direct service to S&T activities include senior management
people responsible for S&T activities in independent-accounting R&D
institutions, S&T information archiving institutes, institutions of higher
learning and in enterprises and institutions where S&T activities are
undertaken. Also included are people responsible for the planning,
administration, personnel management, financial management, logistics supply,
equipment maintenance, information and library management that are related with
S&T activities. People providing indirect services are excluded, such as
security, medical service, drivers, plumbers, cleaners and those providing
catering and related service. This indicator reflects the size of personnel
engaged in S&T activities.
Scientists and
Engineers refer to persons engaged in S&T
activities either having obtained titles of senior and middle level
professional positions, or those without such positions but have completed
university or higher education. This indicator reflects the quality of
personnel engaged in S&T activities.
Research and
Development (R&D) refers to
systematic and creative activities in the field of science and technology aiming
at increasing the knowledge and using the knowledge for new application.
R&D includes 3 categories of activities: basic research, applied research
and experimentation for development. The scale and intensity of R&D are
widely used internationally to reflect the strength of S&T and the core
competitiveness of a country in the world.
Basic Research
refers to empirical or theoretical research aiming at obtaining new
knowledge on the fundamental principles regarding phenomena or observable facts
to reveal the intrinsic nature and underlying laws and to acquire new
discoveries or new theories. Basic research takes no specific or designated
application as the aim of the research. Results of basic research are mainly
released or disseminated in the form of scientific papers or monographs. This
indicator reflects the innovation capacity for original knowledge.
Applied Research refers to creative research aiming at
obtaining new knowledge on a specific objective or target. Purpose of the
applied research is to identify the possible uses of results from basic
research, or to explore new (fundamental) methods or new approaches. Results of
applied research are expressed in the form of scientific papers, monographs,
fundamental models or invention patents. This indicator reflects the
exploration of ways to apply the results of basic research.
Experiments and
Development refer to
systematic activities aiming at using the knowledge from basic and applied
researches or from practical experience to develop new products, materials and
equipment, to establish new production process, systems and services, or to
make substantial improvement on the existing products, process or services.
Results of experiment and development activities are embodied in patents, exclusive
technology, and monotype of new products or equipment. In social sciences,
experiment and development activities refer to the process of converting the
knowledge from basic or applied researches into feasible programmes (including
conduct of demonstration projects for assessment and evaluation). There are no
experiment and development activities in the science of humanities. This
indicator reflects the capability of transferring the results of S&T into
technique and products, and measures the realization of S&T in spearheading
the economic and social development.
R & D Personnel
refer to persons engaged in research, management and supporting
activities of R & D, including persons in the project teams, persons
engaged in the management of S&T activities of enterprises and supporting
staff providing direct service to the research projects. This indicator
reflects the size of personnel engaged in R&D activities with independent
intellectual property.
Full-time Equivalent
of R&D Personnel refers to
the sum of the full-time persons and the full-time equivalent of part-time
persons converted by workload. For instance, if there are 2 full-time persons
and 3 part-time workers (20%, 30% and 70% of working hours respectively on
R&D activities), the full-time equivalent are 2+0.2+0.3+0.7=3.2
person-years. This is an internationally comparable indicator of S&T
manpower input.
Professional and Technical
Personnel refer to persons engaged in professional
and technical work or in the management of professional and technical
activities, i.e., people with professional or technical positions who are
engaged in professional and technical work or in the management of professional
and technical activities, and people without professional or technical positions
but are working on professional or technical posts. They include professionals
and technicians working in 17 categories of technical occupations including
engineering, agriculture, scientific researches, medical service, teaching,
economic research and application, accounting, statistics, translation,
libraries, archives, cultural and museum service, journalism and publication,
lawyers, notarization service, radio and television broadcasting, handicraft
and fine arts, sports, performing art, and political workers in enterprises.
This indicator reflects the condition of human resources in S&T.
Funding for S&T
Activities refers to
funds obtained from various sources for S&T activities, including
government funds, self-raised funds by enterprises, self-raised funds by
institutions, loans from financial institutions, foreign funds and other funds.
This indicator reflects the efforts made by various social economic entities in
promoting the development of S&T.
Government Funds
refer to funds obtained from government agencies at all levels to be
used for S&T activities, including fund for scientific undertakings, 3
kinds of fund for S&T activities, fund for capital construction for
scientific researches, science fund, funds from education expenditures by education
departments for S&T activities, and extra-budget fund from government
agencies for S&T activities.
Funds of Enterprises refers to funds of
enterprises from their own budget; funds from other enterprises; or funds
received by universities or research institutions from enterprises for
scientific research or technical development projects. Excluded from this
category are funds from government agencies, financial institutions or from
foreign institutions.
Loans from Financial
Institutions refer to loans from
various financial institutions for S&T activities.
Internal Expenditure
on S&T activities refer to the actual expenditure on
S&T activities during the reference year, including service fees,
expenditure on research activities, expenditure on research management,
purchase or construction of fixed assets not included in the investment for
capital construction, expenditure on capital construction for scientific
researches, and other expenditure on S&T activities. Not included are
expenditure on production activities, repayment of loans and transfer
expenditure. This indicator reflects the net investment in S&T more
accurately.
Service Fees
refer to direct or indirect payment, in cash or in kind, made to
personnel engaged in S&T activities as remuneration and other fees. They
include, in various forms, salaries, subsidies, bonus, benefits, retirement
pension, stipend, etc. This indicator reflects the improvement of the
remuneration package for S&T personnel.
Purchase or Construction
of Fixed Assets refers to
the fixed assets purchased or constructed using funds other than the investment
in capital construction, and the actual expenditure on capital construction for
scientific researches. In other words, it is the sum of the actual expenditure
on fixed assets and the accomplished investment in capital construction for
scientific researches. Fixed assets refer to main materials and equipment,
literatures and documents in libraries, materials for experiments, specimen,
instruments, furniture, buildings and constructions that can be used for a long
time without changing the form and shape of those articles or constructions.
This indicator reflects the input in improving the condition of S&T and the
means of scientific research.
New Products refer to brand new products
produced with new technology and new design, or products that represent
noticeable improvement in terms of structure, material, or production process
for improving significantly the character or function of the older versions.
They include new products certified by relevant government agencies within the
period of certification, as well as new products designed and produced by
enterprises within a year without certification by government agencies. This
indicator reflects the direct contribution of S&T output to economic
growth.
Patent is an abbreviation for the
patent right and refers to the exclusive right of ownership by the inventors or
designers for the creation or inventions, given from the patent offices after
due process of assessment and approval in accordance with the Patent Law.
Patents are granted for inventions, utility models and designs. This indicator
reflects the achievements of S&T and design with independent intellectual
property.
Patented Inventions
refer to new technical proposals to the products or methods or their
modifications. This is universal core indicator reflecting the technologies
with independent intellectual property.
Patented Utility
Models refer to the practical and
new technical proposals on the shape and structure of the product or the
combination of both. This indicator reflects the condition of technological
results with certain technical content.
Designs refer to the
aesthetics and industrially applicable new designs for the shape, pattern and
colour of the product, or their combinations. This indicator reflects the
appearance design achievements with independent intellectual property.